236 IT Governance jobs in South Africa

Overview:

Our client is an independent, owner-managed financial services group based in the UK. They specialise in the creation of offshore asset management companies, the establishment of fund structures across offshore jurisdictions, as well as fund administration and corporate services. Owing to continued client growth, they are looking to add to their dynamic operational team.

Responsibilities:

· Organising board and committee meetings

· Drafting meeting packs

· Drafting board minutes and working through any action points from meetings

· Preparing submissions to local legal and regulatory authorities

· Assisting with maintaining the company’s client database

· Assisting senior management with the launch of new clients

· Maintaining client records

· Liaising with board and committee members, both internal and external

· Liaising with clients

· Liaising with service providers, including bankers and auditors

· Liaising with local legal and regulatory authorities

· Assisting senior management with knowledge of local legal and regulatory obligations

Requirements:

· 3+ years of corporate secretarial or compliance experience

· Good working knowledge of Guernsey’s legal and regulatory environment as it relates to funds and licensees

· Excellent Microsoft skills, particularly Word

· Excellent writing skills

· Excellent communication skills with the ability to explain complex issues succinctly

Skills and Attributes:

· Excellent attention to detail

· Strong work ethic, self-motivated, organised, and able to work to deadlines

· Strong communication and interpersonal skills

· Commitment to being part of a team

· Commitment to professional growth

Job Title:
Governance Consultant - Procurement Division

Duration:
12 Months

Location
: Pretoria

Salary bracket:
R750k - R950k p/a - depending n experience

Reporting structure:
Reporting to the
Manager: Procurement Excellence

Brief description

The main purpose of this position is to facilitate the implementation of the procurement governance framework to maintain and enhance appropriate procurement governance practices.

Detailed description

• Facilitate the implementation of governance related procurement policies, frameworks, guidelines and processes.
• Maintain the risk and compliance register for monitoring and reporting purposes.
• Analyse, collate and integrate governance related data for management information and decision-making purposes.
• Develop and implement an awareness and training plan for procurement governance
• Monitor, measure and report on compliance and governance within the Procurement environment.
• Manage queries related to procurement governance from client departments
• Investigate transgressions/non-compliance to ensure that gaps in the procurement process are addressed and corrective action is taken
• Keep abreast of developments and trends in the procurement field to ensure best practice in the Bank
• Assess requests for procurement deviations and provide recommendations to management

Job requirements

To be considered for this position, candidates must have:

• minimum of a B Degree (NQF level 7) in commerce, law, governance/compliance, risk management, audit or an equivalent qualification; and
• at least minimum of 5 to 8 years of experience in risk management, audit or Governance in a Supply Chain Management environment.

Additional requirements are as follows:

-   industry, organisational and business awareness;

-   quality assurance;

-   continuous improvement;

-   continued learning and/or professional development;

-   procurement planning;

-   legislation, governance, risk and compliance;

-   contract management;

-   exit and re-procurement/ closedown;

· effective communication

· judgement and decision making

· service and stakeholder focus

· negotiation

· coordination

· presentation

· relationship management

· confidentiality

Within Transnet Engineering., drive implementation of Supply Chain Management policies, governance processes and procedures, standards, legal compliance, and risk management.

Lead appropriate governance structures to ensure compliance with Public Finance Management Act ("PFMA") & related regulations.

Provide oversight of the contracting process for both Opex and Capex.

Assist and provide governance support and expertise to the Division's Supply Chain Management function.

Ensure execution of training related to the policies, governance, compliance, and risk management frameworks within the Division.

Help create a climate necessary for robust governance framework within Division via SCM structures, especially the Governance Centre of Excellence.Position Outputsa) Implementation of robust governance processes:

• Ensure alignment of Transnet's supply chain management governance, policy, standards, legal compliance and risk strategies to the new iSCM strategy and latest legislation and regulations;
• Drive the Governance aspects of the annual Supply Chain Strategic planning, budgeting and target setting process. b) Oversight of Compliance and Risk Management Function:
• Identify, consolidate and report on procurement related risks across Transnet Engineering and make recommendations to the GM:SCM / CPO, on how to best mitigate such risks;
• Face-off with Internal & External Audits and monitor Business Critical Controls (BCCs) and CSA compliance;
• As Transnet's OD Procurement Ombudsman investigates any procurement related complaints and provides appropriate recommendations to the GM:SCM / CPO of the relevant Business Unit to ensure that any risk of possible litigation is mitigated;
• Oversee and monitor Transnet's supply chain management policies (PPM, Goods and Service Manual, Construction Procedure Manual, Delegation of Authority, etc.), procedures, standards and governance applicable to the management of its portfolio of commodities;
• Oversee and monitor Transnet Engineering's Governance, Risk and Compliance management strategy applicable to Supply Chain Management; and
• Oversee Transnet Engineering's compliance to Transnet's Supply Chain Policy, governance, compliance and risk management frameworks.

c) Governance monitoring and reporting:

• Provide expert governance and legal advice in drafting & amending strategic contracts to ensure legality of contracts of local and foreign suppliers for existing and future contracts;
• Managing commercial risk factors at the time of contracting or contract amendment such as providing the required escape clauses;
• Provide thought leadership, governance and legal advise on all governance, risk and compliance aspects which may have an impact on procurement;
• Provide governance and legal guidance on all aspects pertaining to blacklisting, confinements and condonation process. d) Manage key stakeholder relationships:
• Within the context of the new iSCM Strategy and business objectives, provide functional leadership and management in terms of governance, policy, standards, legal, compliance and risk;
• Mediate on conflict points between the Governance team and other functions of Supply Chain Management within the Transnet Engineering – including end-users and external stakeholders; and
• Ensure good governance in all aspects of supply chain management. e) Manage the Governance function within the divisions:
• Accountable for delivery of Governance COE initiatives;
• Provide SPOs or job profiles for the Governance functions across Transnet Engineering;
• Drive performance measurement and formulating strategies and interventions for deviation;
• Drive formulation of performance indicators and 5-year target setting, dashboard reporting, and monitoring. Qualifications and Experience Bachelors' Degree in Legal (LLB) or Chartered Accountant (CA) or Degree in Internal Auditing is required; Minimum of 8 years' experience in Auditing or Supply Chain and Procurement or Governance Risk & Compliance of which at least 3 years' experience in a managerial position in a large organisation with complex operations. ail Industry Experience will be an advantage.CompetenciesStrategy & Sustainability Inspirational Leadership Business Performance and Delivery Relationship Management Corporate Governance & Compliance Personal MasteryEquity StatementPreference will be given to suitably qualified Applicants who are members of the designated groups in line with the Employment Equity Plan and Targets of the Organisation/Operating Division.

We are looking to hire a Governance Coordinator to help us scale and maintain governance that is fast, simple and smart. You'll play a key role in supporting the Quality & Risk team to maintain smooth, compliant operations across incidents, complaints, policies, alerts and training and will report to the Director of Quality and Risk.

This is an ideal role for someone who wants a hand-on operational role idea for someone who is organised, detail-oriented and motivated by keeping things running efficiently behind the scenes.

What you'll be doing

You'll provide coordination and administrative support across the Quality & Risk function — ensuring governance processes, documentation and actions are accurate, timely and complete.

Key Responsibilities

Governance Administration

Coordinate governance workflows to ensure smooth processes and timely completion of actions.

Provide administrative support for governance meetings and committees — scheduling, agendas, minutes and action tracking.

Support the collection of data and evidence for audits, assurance reviews and regulatory inspections.

Coordinate the Policy Library — maintaining the policy tracker, version control and publication schedule.

Oversee the Central Alert System — ensuring alerts are received, logged, assigned and actions completed.

Complaints, Training and Assurance

Support administration of the complaints process — ensuring complaints are acknowledged, logged, tracked and closed within timelines.

Maintain oversight of mandatory training compliance, working with leads and managers to chase outstanding completions and update central records.

Assist with governance audits, data collection and collation of assurance evidence.

Data & Reporting Support

Maintain accuracy of data in governance systems (InPhase, Looker, Sheets).

Assist the Operations Lead with preparation of monthly and quarterly reports (incidents, complaints, risks, training).

Support the upkeep of governance dashboards and trackers to provide a clear, real-time view of compliance performance.

Health and Safety Coordination

Maintain records for Health & Safety documentation, including risk assessments and incident tracking.

Liaise with the external H&S provider (e.g. Wirehouse) and internal stakeholders to ensure timely follow-up and completion of actions.

Continuous Improvement Support

Update and improve governance templates, forms and trackers for better usability and consistency.

Support communication and roll-out of new processes, policies or training across the organisation.

Help embed a culture of accountability and continuous improvement through strong follow-up and coordination.

What we need from you

Strong administrative or coordination experience, ideally within healthcare, operations, compliance or another regulated setting.

Excellent organisation, accuracy and follow-through; thrives on detail and structure.

Confident managing multiple tasks and deadlines across different teams.

Comfortable using digital systems and tools (QMS, Airtable, Looker, Google Sheets).

Strong written and verbal communication skills — clear, concise and professional.

Proactive, reliable and motivated to keep governance efficient and compliant.

Nice to Have

Experience with healthcare governance systems (InPhase, Radar, etc.).

Understanding of UK healthcare regulators (CQC, GPhC, MHRA, ASA).

Awareness of audit and quality improvement processes.

Experience coordinating policies, training or complaints processes in a fast-paced environment.

Empowering Africa's tomorrow, together…one story at a time.
With over 100 years of rich history and strongly positioned as a local bank with regional and international expertise, a career with our family offers the opportunity to be part of this exciting growth journey, to reset our future and shape our destiny as a proudly African group.

Job Summary
Seeking a proactive and detail orientated Risk and Governance Analyst to join our team as part of first line of defense.

In this role you will be responsible for supporting and ensuring that the business units effectively identify, assesses, manages, monitors, and reports on the risks to ensure operational compliance with internal policies, regulatory requirements and risk frameworks.

You will work closely with Business Units, second line (compliance & risk) and third line (audit) functions to help embed a strong risk culture and improve the control environment across our operations

Job Description
Qualifications & Experience:

• Bachelor's degree or a Business Risk Management, or related degree
• 3+ years' experience in a risk governance and control role.
• Strong understanding of the Three Lines of Defence model.

Key Responsibilities

• Act as the first point on contact for risk and governance activities within the business.
• Assist in identifying , assessing and documenting operational, regulatory and strategic risks.
• Support the business in maintaining effective controls and risk mitigation strategies.
• Monitor key risk indicators (KRI"s) and escalate issues or breaches in a timely manner.
• Implementation and embedment of Operational Risk Frameworks for CPA, RCSA, Risk Events, Key Risk Indicators, Key Risk Scenarios
• Responsible for ensuring that the business units proactively identify, manages, and mitigates risks in alignment with risk appetite.
• Actively participate in governance forums, preparing reports and documentation to support risk committees and audit activities.
• Ensure business units undertake strategic planning that is mindful of Risk through regular engagement with the businesses
• Implement .and embed strong internal controls and assist in control testing and assurance activities
• Maintain risk registers, control libraries and other related documentation
• Ensure timely closure of audit and compliance actions with supporting evidence.
• Coordinate with second line teams for risk reporting, control testing and risk assessments.
• Ensure compliance with data governance and retention and disposal polices.

Education
Bachelor`s Degrees and Advanced Diplomas: Business, Commerce and Management Studies (Required)

Absa Bank Limited is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. In compliance with the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, preference will be given to suitable candidates from designated groups whose appointments will contribute towards achievement of equitable demographic representation of our workforce profile and add to the diversity of the Bank.
Absa Bank Limited reserves the right not to make an appointment to the post as advertised

At Bayer we're visionaries, driven to solve the world's toughest challenges and striving for a world where 'Health for all, Hunger for none' is no longer a dream, but a real possibility. We're doing it with energy, curiosity, and sheer dedication, always learning from unique perspectives of those around us, expanding our thinking, growing our capabilities, and redefining 'impossible'. There are so many reasons to join us. But if you're hungry to build a varied and meaningful career in a community of brilliant and diverse minds to make a real difference, there's only one choice.

Role Purpose

// To provide expert support in South African legislative HR reporting, drive Employment Equity (EE) compliance, and reposition the Talent Acquisition (TA) strategy to drive cost and resource efficiency.

// Further to the above, this role will drive HR compliance across all countries, optimize HR processes and procedures to engage productivity using AI or GBS outsourcing. The incumbent will also champion change management, support organizational projects, and upskill People Partners across the region in data driven decision making.

Key Responsibilities and Tasks

// Legislative Reporting & Compliance:

• Use Data Analysis and Intelligence to interpret, prepare and submit all legislative HR reports, including Employment Equity (EE), Workplace Skills Plan (WSP), and Annual Training Report (ATR), ensuring accuracy and timeliness.
• Monitor and interpret changes in the EE Act and other relevant legislation, proactively updating internal processes and documentation to maintain our License to Operate.
• Facilitate and manage the BEE123 system for EE data hosting, reporting, and compliance tracking.
• Ensure full compliance with EE requirements: committee management, EE plan development, and documentation for recruitment and promotions.
• Maintain up-to-date records and audit trails for all compliance-related activities.

// Talent Acquisition Strategy & Recruitment Profile Management:

• Drive the TA strategy, focusing on shifting recruitment profiles to address gaps in numerical EE goals and targets.
• Partner with hiring managers to raise awareness of EE targets, unconscious bias, and inclusive hiring practices.
• Track, analyze, and report on recruitment metrics to ensure alignment with EE and business objectives.
• Project manage initiatives to improve TA efficiency, resource optimization, and productivity.

// System & Data Management

• Serve as the super-user and administrator for the BEE123 system, ensuring data integrity and user training.
• Develop and maintain dashboards for EE, TA, and HR analytics, enabling data-driven decision-making.
• Equip and upskill People Partners in data acumen, dashboard interpretation, and HR analytics.

// Change Management & Organizational Support

• Support change management initiatives in Product Supply and other business units to ensure legal and policy compliance during organization changes and transformation activities.
• Drive local HR case management during compliance investigations and disciplinary processes.
• Act as a key resource for HR projects, including the T-profile project for all roles within the organization.
• Drive adoption of AI and digital tools in the HR workspace, assessing their impact on ways of working and supporting related change management.

// Stakeholder Engagement & Training

• Facilitate EE committee meetings, ensuring effective participation and compliance.
• Conduct training and awareness sessions for hiring managers and People Partners on EE, unconscious bias, and data-driven HR practices.
• Serve as a trusted advisor and "right hand" to the HR Lead, providing project management and strategic support.

Competencies

// Analytical thinking and data-driven decision-making

//Project management and organizational skills

// Stakeholder management and influencing

// Change agility and digital mindset

// Collaboration and teamwork

// Strong ethical standards and compliance orientation

Internal Stakeholder Engagement

// Hudson

// People Partners

// HR Foundations

// Hiring Managers

// Employment Equity Committee Members

// SSA Communications

// LPC

// HR Transformation Lead EMEA

// GBS GDANSK

External Stakeholder Engagement

// Department of Labour

// AI Benchmark companies

// CHIETA

// BEE123 vendor engagement

// EY / Deloitte

// Labour Net

Experience, Skills & Qualifications

// Bachelor's degree in human resources, Industrial Psychology, or related field.

// 5+ years' experience in HR compliance, legislative reporting, and talent acquisition, preferably in a multinational environment.

// Strong knowledge of South African HR legislation (EE Act, Skills Development, B-BBEE).

// Experience with HR data systems (e.g., BEE123), analytics, and dashboarding.

// Project management skills and experience driving HR process improvements.

// Excellent communication, stakeholder engagement, and facilitation skills.

// High level of integrity, attention to detail, and ability to manage confidential information.

// Experience with change management and digital transformation in HR is an advantage.

Advertising Period:

26 September – 10 October 2025

Employment type:

Permanent

Position grade:

VS1.3

Location:

Waterfall, Midrand

/// Science for a better Life

Bayer welcomes applications from all individuals, regardless of race, national origin, gender, age, physical characteristics, social origin, disability, union membership, religion, family status, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression or any unlawful criterion under applicable law. We are committed to treating all applicants fairly and avoiding discrimination.

What being part of the Sigma Family means for you:

Governance Analyst - Risk, Audit & Compliance

As a Governance Analyst-Risk, Audit & Compliance, you will be responsible for being part of supporting compliance, audit readiness, and risk oversight. This role operates from South Africa; you will be aligning offshore delivery with UK regulatory expectations. You will support strategic objectives of the Governance Department by delivering data-driven assurance, operational compliance insight, and governance documentation. You will work closely with the Governance Associate and Head of Department to drive continuous improvement and effective oversight.

Sigma Family

At Sigma, we stand out and have now been acknowledged 2 years in a row by the Sunday Times as one of the Best Places to Work - voted by our people.

Our core mission is to #ImproveEverythingAlways, with a strong focus on our people. That's why we are seeking exceptional individuals to join us and represent our clients, delivering top-tier customer service across various industries.

What being a part of the Sigma Family means for you

Career development and opportunities to apply for internal promotions following your probationary period.

Monthly, Quarterly and Annual awards with marvelous prizes.

• Resources such as the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and Mental Health First Aiders to support you when life might not be going quite as you expected.

Receive a tree in the Sigma Forest when you pass probation. This will allow you to review how your tree is reducing your carbon footprint.

Medical Insurance – Covers doctor visits, optometrist appointments and dental assistance, funeral cover, Group Life Cover, which are all Free from the Sigma Family to you.

Transportation Benefits – Accommodate making your traveling journey to work easier with the amazing shuttle services that we offer our employees.

Join communities and collaborate with your colleagues on our internal Social Media platform.

The opportunity to be a part of an equal, diverse, and inclusive workplace – all amazing people are welcome in the Sigma Family.

A bit more about the Opportunity.:

What Your Day-to-Day Will Look Like

You will analyze compliance data, trends, and metrics to support Monthly and Quarterly Business Review reporting, generating actionable insights to strengthen second-line oversight and promote proactive compliance practices. You will track e-learning completion, campaign-level compliance assurance, and risk indicators across operations. You will conduct and support ongoing compliance assurance activities across the first line. You will conduct independent data reviews, assurance reviews, and control testing to validate controls, provide assurance, and help identify risks early. You will contribute to risk assessments in collaboration with the Governance Associate and provide summary reports. You will prepare and maintain accurate audit documentation to support both internal and client audits. You will track audit actions, monitor resolution status, and ensure alignment with client expectations and internal controls.

You will assist in documenting governance assurance outcomes and maintaining evidence logs. You will maintain and update the Operations Incentive Register, including client-funded and operationally proposed incentives. You will assist with updates to governance frameworks and documentation to reflect changes in client requirements or business operations. You will provide strategic and administrative support to the Governance Associate and HOD on governance initiatives and reporting cycles. to reflect changes in client requirements or business operations. You will provide strategic and administrative support to the Governance Associate and HOD on governance initiatives and reporting cycles.

What amazing People will bring to the role:

What Amazing people will bring to the role

You are an analytical thinker with high attention to detail. You are structured, organized, and comfortable handling sensitive or confidential information. You are a proactive problem-solver and collaborative team player. You are adaptable in a fast-paced, cross-border service delivery environment. You have strong presentation skills and ability to translate complex data into clear insights.

Requirements:

• You have a minimum of 1 to 2 years' experience in governance, risk, audit, or compliance within a BPO, financial services, or regulated environment.
• You have strong analytical skills, with the ability to interpret data and generate meaningful insights for reporting and governance assurance.
• You are proficient in:
• Microsoft Excel (data analysis, lookups, pivot tables)
• Microsoft Word (formal documentation and formatting)
• PowerPoint (professional presentation building)
• Power BI (dashboards and data visualization)
• SharePoint (document control and collaboration)
• You understand UK compliance, GDPR, or client-specific regulatory frameworks is highly advantageous.
• You have excellent verbal and written communication skills, particularly for presenting data to both operational and senior stakeholders.

Simple and Straight Forward Recruitment.

We don't see the value in making candidates jump through hoops. Once we receive your application via ICIMS, if you meet all relevant criteria as stipulated on the advert, we'll proceed with further shortlisting & start your application process.

If you like the sound of being part of the Sigma Family, then don't wait and get applying

Governance Analyst - Risk, Audit & Compliance
As a Governance Analyst-Risk, Audit & Compliance, you will be responsible for being part of supporting compliance, audit readiness, and risk oversight. This role operates from South Africa; you will be aligning offshore delivery with UK regulatory expectations. You will support strategic objectives of the Governance Department by delivering data-driven assurance, operational compliance insight, and governance documentation. You will work closely with the Governance Associate and Head of Department to drive continuous improvement and effective oversight.

Sigma Family
At Sigma, we stand out and have now been acknowledged 2 years in a row by the Sunday Times as one of the Best Places to Work - voted by our people.

Our core mission is to #ImproveEverythingAlways, with a strong focus on our people. That's why we are seeking exceptional individuals to join us and represent our clients, delivering top-tier customer service across various industries.

What being a part of the Sigma Family means for you
Career development and opportunities to apply for internal promotions following your probationary period.

Monthly, Quarterly and Annual awards with marvelous prizes.

Resources such as the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and Mental Health First Aiders to support you when life might not be going quite as you expected.

Receive a tree in the Sigma Forest when you pass probation. This will allow you to review how your tree is reducing your carbon footprint.

Medical Insurance - Covers doctor visits, optometrist appointments and dental assistance, funeral cover, Group Life Cover, which are all Free from the Sigma Family to you.

Transportation Benefits - Accommodate making your traveling journey to work easier with the amazing shuttle services that we offer our employees.

Join communities and collaborate with your colleagues on our internal Social Media platform.

The opportunity to be a part of an equal, diverse, and inclusive workplace - all amazing people are welcome in the Sigma Family.

What Your Day-to-Day Will Look Like
You will analyze compliance data, trends, and metrics to support Monthly and Quarterly Business Review reporting, generating actionable insights to strengthen second-line oversight and promote proactive compliance practices. You will track e-learning completion, campaign-level compliance assurance, and risk indicators across operations. You will conduct and support ongoing compliance assurance activities across the first line. You will conduct independent data reviews, assurance reviews, and control testing to validate controls, provide assurance, and help identify risks early. You will contribute to risk assessments in collaboration with the Governance Associate and provide summary reports. You will prepare and maintain accurate audit documentation to support both internal and client audits. You will track audit actions, monitor resolution status, and ensure alignment with client expectations and internal controls.

You will assist in documenting governance assurance outcomes and maintaining evidence logs. You will maintain and update the Operations Incentive Register, including client-funded and operationally proposed incentives. You will assist with updates to governance frameworks and documentation to reflect changes in client requirements or business operations. You will provide strategic and administrative support to the Governance Associate and HOD on governance initiatives and reporting cycles. to reflect changes in client requirements or business operations. You will provide strategic and administrative support to the Governance Associate and HOD on governance initiatives and reporting cycles.

What Amazing People Will Bring To The Role
You are an analytical thinker with high attention to detail. You are structured, organized, and comfortable handling sensitive or confidential information. You are a proactive problem-solver and collaborative team player. You are adaptable in a fast-paced, cross-border service delivery environment. You have strong presentation skills and ability to translate complex data into clear insights.

Requirements

• You have a minimum of 1 to 2 years' experience in governance, risk, audit, or compliance within a BPO, financial services, or regulated environment.
• You have strong analytical skills, with the ability to interpret data and generate meaningful insights for reporting and governance assurance.
• You are proficient in
• Microsoft Excel (data analysis, lookups, pivot tables)
• Microsoft Word (formal documentation and formatting)
• PowerPoint (professional presentation building)
• Power BI (dashboards and data visualization)
• SharePoint (document control and collaboration)
• You understand UK compliance, GDPR, or client-specific regulatory frameworks is highly advantageous.
• You have excellent verbal and written communication skills, particularly for presenting data to both operational and senior stakeholders.

Simple and Straight Forward Recruitment.
We don't see the value in making candidates jump through hoops. Once we receive your application via ICIMS, if you meet all relevant criteria as stipulated on the advert, we'll proceed with further shortlisting & start your application process.

If you like the sound of being part of the Sigma Family, then don't wait and get applying

Company Description

ProStream is a South African BBBEE Level 2 company specializing in cyber security solutions, governance solutions, data management, software development, and consulting services. We are committed to providing innovative solutions in BI, RPA, Analytics, and Process Optimization.

Role Description

This is a full-time remote role for a Marine Governance professional at ProStream. The role involves overseeing marine operations, navy-related activities, boat management, maritime policies, and training programs.

Qualifications

• Experience in Marine Operations and Maritime policies
• Knowledge of Navy processes and activities
• Skills in boat management and training programs
• Strong communication and leadership abilities
• Ability to work independently and remotely
• Experience in the marine industry is a plus
• Bachelor's degree in Marine Science, Maritime Studies, or related field