94 Commercial Banking jobs in South Africa

COMMERCIAL TECHNICIAN - INSTALLATIONS, SERVICE, MAINTENANCE:

Overall Purpose of the job:

• Be able to do the installation of electronic equipment for the security industry at commercial and industrial premises from Alarms, Access control, CCTV, Fire, Installation, Wiring, Commissioning

Minimum qualifications and experience:

• Matric or equivalent
• Minimum 3 years' experience as an Electronic Security technician
• Programming, wiring, installations and fault-finding experience
• Valid code 08 driver's license essential
• Must be PSIRA registered (Grade E, D C)

Job Requirements:

• Install and Program multiple alarm systems (Ajax, Paradox, Texecom, Caddx, IDS, DSC, Rhino, Risco)
• Installation and Maintenance of electric fences
• Smart CCTV systems (Line crossing, Facial recognition, Street surveillance etc.)
• Integration of Electric fencing, CCTV, and Intruder alarm systems
• Setup and maintenance of wireless, fibre and copper networks
• Installation of basic electricity e.g., DB Boards, Inverters, UPSs, and Generators
• Oversight and design of big projects
• IT and Network support
• Access Control systems (Bio-Metrix, UHF, Facial recognition, and Access cards)

Main duties & Responsibilities:

• Program system as per specifications
• Plan the cable runs with the wireman
• Obtain customer codes before attending a call daily and when on Standby
• Complete handovers
• Complete job cards after every installation
• Provide feedback to Manager / Supervisor and Call Centre upon completion of a call
• Keep stock up to date and assist store man with stock take
• Keep the company vehicle clean
• Submit petrol slips

Core competencies:

• Customer Focus Functional/Technical Skills
• Approachability Problem Solving and Troubleshooting
• Integrity and Trust Technical Learning

(Land Bank) is South Africa's only specialist agricultural bank established in 1912, the bank's sole objective is to serve South African commercial and emerging farmers and bring specially designed financial services within their reach. These services enable farmers to finance land, equipment, improve assets and obtain production credit. The Land Bank provides financial services that have moved with the times and continues to provide services to agri-business and constantly reviews its offerings to ensure that they match the needs of an industry. As change has swept across the sector in South Africa the socio-economic makeup of agriculture has altered, bringing new entrants from historically disadvantaged backgrounds on to the land, these new farmers, facing the challenges of establishing sustainable agri-businesses across the agricultural value chain, Land Bank has been a commercial lifeline offering appropriately designed financial products that facilitate personal and commercial viability in a sector that is vital to the sustainability of South Africa and its people.

MAIN PURPOSE
OF THE JOB
Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

To manage and perform quality credit analysis; financial analysis, including data collection, trend analysis, peer comparisons and industry overview to ensure good quality credit submissions to Credit Managers and Credit Committees for the allocated portfolio i.e. Commercial and Transformation Credit applications and mitigate any potential risk on behalf of the Land Bank and recommend bankable solutions in accordance with approved Credit Policy, norms and the delegated level of power. Responsible for maintain the portfolio including conducting annual credit reviews on existing portfolio, and re-advancing of production loans and revolving loans within assigned DOP and as when required by management.

(Land Bank) is South Africa's only specialist agricultural bank established in 1912, the bank's sole objective is to serve South African commercial and emerging farmers and bring specially designed financial services within their reach. These services enable farmers to finance land, equipment, improve assets and obtain production credit. The Land Bank provides financial services that have moved with the times and continues to provide services to agri-business and constantly reviews its offerings to ensure that they match the needs of an industry. As change has swept across the sector in South Africa the socio-economic makeup of agriculture has altered, bringing new entrants from historically disadvantaged backgrounds on to the land, these new farmers, facing the challenges of establishing sustainable agri-businesses across the agricultural value chain, Land Bank has been a commercial lifeline offering appropriately designed financial products that facilitate personal and commercial viability in a sector that is vital to the sustainability of South Africa and its people.

MAIN PURPOSE OF THE JOB

Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

To manage and perform quality credit analysis; financial analysis, including data collection, trend analysis, peer comparisons and industry overview to ensure good quality credit submissions to Credit Managers and Credit Committees for the allocated portfolio i.e. Commercial and Transformation Credit applications and mitigate any potential risk on behalf of the Land Bank and recommend bankable solutions in accordance with approved Credit Policy, norms and the delegated level of power. Responsible for maintain the portfolio including conducting annual credit reviews on existing portfolio, and re-advancing of production loans and revolving loans within assigned DOP and as when required by management.

1. Credit Assessment and Risk Management

• Carry out full credit assessments within allocated portfolio through credit submissions, financial analysis, reviews, re-advancing loans, collateral analysis, approval conditions tracking and risk management.
• Check the credit submission for completeness, including accompanying documents in terms of the approved loan guidelines.
• Ensure that all relevant information and documentation has been received from the operations as per the agreed checklist
• Follow up with the Provincial officees to ensure that all supporting documentation is complete
• Ensure that loan applications conform to the set standards, highlight anomalies and suggest corrective measures
• Align products to the purpose of the loan and the Credit Policy to suite customer's needs
• Co-ordination of PCC and RCC setting up of agenda(s) for application(s) to be heard
• Reporting stats of application(s) processed for allocated region(s)

2. Stakeholder Relationship Management and Team Support

• Build relationships with all the relevant stakeholders to ensure understanding of requirements and addressing any credit related issues
• Respond to queries received from the Provincial office operations and the relevant Credit Committee
• Promote a culture of credit risk management at Provincial office level.
• Provide guidance and training to operations on credit related matters
• Adhering to legislative requirements
• Pro-actively develop self with regards to other / new products in the Land Bank
• Manage own career and personal developments
• Demonstrate behaviour that is aligned to the Land Bank values
• May be required to represent Credit on projects as assigned by management
• Research, compliance training, maintain stakeholder relationship management and team support

3. General Administration and Audit Matters

• Ensure that documentation is archived in accordance to the Bank's policy for record and audit purposes
• Attend to audit findings as and when required within area of responsibility
• Take remedial action on all audit findings and ensure that issues are resolved or addressed
• Ensure recording of all credit committee meetings are loaded on the v-drive
• Ensure feedback is given to all the relevant stakeholders on outcome of the application
• Manage capturing of weekly and monthly stats reports
• From time to time may be requested be secretariat for ECC, which involves co-ordinating ECC meeting and taking minutes in compliance with the prescripts of the charter.
• From time to time we maybe required to assist in the various provincial office and regional. Offices.

4. Loan Policies and Procedures

• Provide input to policies and procedures and updates and identify opportunities to improve as and when required
• Provide inputs on lending norms and credit criteria to be applied on new products
• Participate in the review of Credit Policies and procedures.
• Ensure that the Provincial officees are informed of changes to policies and/or of credit policies and procedures that have been approved
• Provide guidance to the operations at Provincial office level to ensure consistency and a standardised approach
• Applying credit policies and procedures and input in improving standard and operating processes and procedures.

3 year Tertiary Qualification (Commerce) Majors Accounting; Agri Economics, Credit Management

Do you have 3years Relevant credit assessment experience?

Thorough knowledge of the

• NCA, CPA, FICA and related credit regulatory requirements
• The primary and secondary agriculture sector finance.
• Appraisal of credit proposals and deal structure for: assets finance, working capital, back ward and forward integration finance
• Advanced business acumen

• Microsoft Office
• Knowledge of risk management principles
• Knowledge / Experience of compliance systems / tools
• Compliance Management Principles
• Knowledge of Compliance related legislation
• Knowledge of Business
• Law Principles

• Travel is an integral part of the role
• Extended hours as and when required

A well-established business is seeking to appoint a Credit Analyst: Commercial Banking & Transformation (Nelspruit)

Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

Minimum Education and Experience:

• 3-years Tertiary Qualification (Commerce) Majors Accounting; Agri Economics, Credit Management
• 3 years Relevant credit assessment experience
• Thorough knowledge of the NCA, CPA, FICA and related credit regulatory requirements
• The primary and secondary agriculture sector finance.
• Appraisal of credit proposals and deal structure for: assets finance, working capital, back ward and forward integration finance
• Advanced business acumen

Critical Competencies

• Microsoft Office
• Knowledge of risk management principles
• Knowledge / Experience of compliance systems / tools
• Compliance Management Principles
• Knowledge of Compliance related legislation
• Knowledge of Business
• Law Principles

Please note that if you have not received a response within 14 days of submitting your application that your application was unsuccessful.

However, please keep a lookout on our website, for available positions which may be inline with your career aspirations.

For more information please contact:

Mandy Scullard

(Land Bank) is South Africa's only specialist agricultural bank established in 1912, the bank's sole objective is to serve South African commercial and emerging farmers and bring specially designed financial services within their reach. These services enable farmers to finance land, equipment, improve assets and obtain production credit. The Land Bank provides financial services that have moved with the times and continues to provide services to agri-business and constantly reviews its offerings to ensure that they match the needs of an industry. As change has swept across the sector in South Africa the socio-economic makeup of agriculture has altered, bringing new entrants from historically disadvantaged backgrounds on to the land, these new farmers, facing the challenges of establishing sustainable agri-businesses across the agricultural value chain, Land Bank has been a commercial lifeline offering appropriately designed financial products that facilitate personal and commercial viability in a sector that is vital to the sustainability of South Africa and its people.

MAIN PURPOSE OF THE JOB

Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

To manage and perform quality credit analysis; financial analysis, including data collection, trend analysis, peer comparisons and industry overview to ensure good quality credit submissions to Credit Managers and Credit Committees for the allocated portfolio i.e. Commercial and Transformation Credit applications and mitigate any potential risk on behalf of the Land Bank and recommend bankable solutions in accordance with approved Credit Policy, norms and the delegated level of power. Responsible for maintain the portfolio including conducting annual credit reviews on existing portfolio, and re-advancing of production loans and revolving loans within assigned DOP and as when required by management.

1. Credit Assessment and Risk Management

• Carry out full credit assessments within allocated portfolio through credit submissions, financial analysis, reviews, re-advancing loans, collateral analysis, approval conditions tracking and risk management.
• Check the credit submission for completeness, including accompanying documents in terms of the approved loan guidelines.
• Ensure that all relevant information and documentation has been received from the operations as per the agreed checklist
• Follow up with the Provincial officees to ensure that all supporting documentation is complete
• Ensure that loan applications conform to the set standards, highlight anomalies and suggest corrective measures
• Align products to the purpose of the loan and the Credit Policy to suite customer's needs
• Co-ordination of PCC and RCC setting up of agenda(s) for application(s) to be heard
• Reporting stats of application(s) processed for allocated region(s)

2. Stakeholder Relationship Management and Team Support

• Build relationships with all the relevant stakeholders to ensure understanding of requirements and addressing any credit related issues
• Respond to queries received from the Provincial office operations and the relevant Credit Committee
• Promote a culture of credit risk management at Provincial office level.
• Provide guidance and training to operations on credit related matters
• Adhering to legislative requirements
• Pro-actively develop self with regards to other / new products in the Land Bank
• Manage own career and personal developments
• Demonstrate behaviour that is aligned to the Land Bank values
• May be required to represent Credit on projects as assigned by management
• Research, compliance training, maintain stakeholder relationship management and team support

3. General Administration and Audit Matters

• Ensure that documentation is archived in accordance to the Bank's policy for record and audit purposes
• Attend to audit findings as and when required within area of responsibility
• Take remedial action on all audit findings and ensure that issues are resolved or addressed
• Ensure recording of all credit committee meetings are loaded on the v-drive
• Ensure feedback is given to all the relevant stakeholders on outcome of the application
• Manage capturing of weekly and monthly stats reports
• From time to time may be requested be secretariat for ECC, which involves co-ordinating ECC meeting and taking minutes in compliance with the prescripts of the charter.
• From time to time we maybe required to assist in the various provincial office and regional. Offices.

4. Loan Policies and Procedures

• Provide input to policies and procedures and updates and identify opportunities to improve as and when required
• Provide inputs on lending norms and credit criteria to be applied on new products
• Participate in the review of Credit Policies and procedures.
• Ensure that the Provincial officees are informed of changes to policies and/or of credit policies and procedures that have been approved
• Provide guidance to the operations at Provincial office level to ensure consistency and a standardised approach
• Applying credit policies and procedures and input in improving standard and operating processes and procedures.

3 year Tertiary Qualification (Commerce) Majors Accounting; Agri Economics, Credit Management

Do you have 3years Relevant credit assessment experience?

Thorough knowledge of the

• NCA, CPA, FICA and related credit regulatory requirements
• The primary and secondary agriculture sector finance.
• Appraisal of credit proposals and deal structure for: assets finance, working capital, back ward and forward integration finance
• Advanced business acumen

• Microsoft Office
• Knowledge of risk management principles
• Knowledge / Experience of compliance systems / tools
• Compliance Management Principles
• Knowledge of Compliance related legislation
• Knowledge of Business
• Law Principles

• Travel is an integral part of the role
• Extended hours as and when required

Requisition Details & Talent Acquisition Contact

REQ:

Talent Acquisition Specialist: Lerato Sithole

Location: Sandton

Closing Date: 29 September 2025

Job Family

Sales and Service

Career Stream

Sales

Leadership Pipeline

Manage Managers

FAIS Affected

FAIS Affected - Yes

Job Purpose

• To provide leadership and manage sales, operations and mitigate risk to achieve growth in market share and profitablity through flawless execution on set strategy and to promote Nedbank brand.

Job Responsibilities

• Lead and manage financial management function
• Drive achievement of revenue targets by ensuring competitive agility and sustainability.
• Drive achievement of market share targets
• Manage design of processes; systems and controls
• Manage portfolio functional efficiency; productivity and sustainability by ensuring integration of function
• Enable cluster alignment to Nedbank Group strategic objectives by developing and leading the three- year strategic planning process and framework.
• Enable optimal BU performance by developing and sharing BU performance analytics and providing insights.
• Deliver service to clients by ensuring that client expectations are understood and met.Build and maintain relationships with clients through regular engagement and knowledge sharing.
• Provide value for shareholders by being prudent in credit granting throughout the economic cycle.
• Build relationships with internal stakeholders by identifying their information needs on credit performance
• Build and maintainrelationships with external stakeholders through informal and formal knowledge sharing and feedback based on the metrics.
• Deliver service to clients by ensuring that client expectations are understood and met.
• Build and maintain relationships with clients through regular engagement .
• Provide value for shareholders by being prudent in credit granting throughout the economic cycle.
• Build relationships with internal stakeholders by identifying their information needs on credit performance in a proactive manner.
• Build and maintain relationships with external stakeholders through informal and formal knowledge sharing
• Optimise efficiency and embed correct
• Manage performance of reports and hold them accountable for managing the performance of their reports
• Drive to execute own and direct reports planned development by acquiring knowledge;
• Maintain a capable high performing team by identifying a talent pool through conducting career conversations and utilising the talent grid principles and developing talent retention programmes (e.g. rotation).
• Build depth of skills and knowledge in the team of managers by sharing knowledge and insight with team members; ensuring mentoring; coaching and day to day activities.
• Ensure continuous improvement goals are achieved by creating an environment whereby self; managers and team are encouraged to challenge the status quo by initiating constructive debates about work practices and areas for improvement.Improve productivity and reduce costs by improving work processes.
• Contribute to a culture conducive to the achievement of transformation goals and support business strategies that improve the corporate image by ensuring self; managers and team participation in Nedbank culture building initiatives.
• Ensure transformational target are met through consideration of targets during the staff recruitment; retention and training process and utilising suppliers listed on the preferred supplier list for department
• .Participate and ensure managers encourage staff to participate and support corporate social responsibility initiatives for the achievement of business strategy (e.g. Green Strategy).Ensure issues raised in culture survey are addressed and results are improved by ensuring action plans are created.Deliver a world class service through others by ensuring a client centric culture through required interventions.Identify areas of resource inefficiencies and promote optimisation through promoting multi-skilling and addressing capacity gaps by reviewing and improving work processes

Essential Qualifications - NQF Level

• Matric / Grade 12 / National Senior Certificate
• Advanced Diplomas/National 1st Degrees

Preferred Qualification

• Relevant industry specific qualification in Finance or Sales.

Minimum Experience Level

• 5 years leading people in a related financial services industry.
• Commercial Sales experience in the financial sector

Technical / Professional Knowledge

• Financial Accounting Principles
• Relevant regulatory knowledge
• Relevant software and systems knowledge
• Governance, Risk and Controls
• Principles of project management
• Business administration and management
• Management information and reporting principles, tools and mechanisms
• Communication Strategies
• Client service management
• Talent management

Behavioural Competencies

• Driving for results
• Decision Making
• Coaching
• Influencing
• Planning and Organizing
• Earning Trust
• Building partnerships
• Driving for Results

-

Please contact the Nedbank Recruiting Team

(Land Bank) is South Africa's only specialist agricultural bank established in 1912, the bank's sole objective is to serve South African commercial and emerging farmers and bring specially designed financial services within their reach. These services enable farmers to finance land, equipment, improve assets and obtain production credit. The Land Bank provides financial services that have moved with the times and continues to provide services to agri-business and constantly reviews its offerings to ensure that they match the needs of an industry. As change has swept across the sector in South Africa the socio-economic makeup of agriculture has altered, bringing new entrants from historically disadvantaged backgrounds on to the land, these new farmers, facing the challenges of establishing sustainable agri-businesses across the agricultural value chain, Land Bank has been a commercial lifeline offering appropriately designed financial products that facilitate personal and commercial viability in a sector that is vital to the sustainability of South Africa and its people.

MAIN PURPOSE
OF THE JOB
Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

To manage and perform quality credit analysis; financial analysis, including data collection, trend analysis, peer comparisons and industry overview to ensure good quality credit submissions to Credit Managers and Credit Committees for the allocated portfolio i.e. Commercial and Transformation Credit applications and mitigate any potential risk on behalf of the Land Bank and recommend bankable solutions in accordance with approved Credit Policy, norms and the delegated level of power. Responsible for maintain the portfolio including conducting annual credit reviews on existing portfolio, and re-advancing of production loans and revolving loans within assigned DOP and as when required by management.

Job Overview

Business Segment: Business & Commercial Banking

Location: ZA, GP, Johannesburg, 30 Baker Street

Job Type: Full-time

Job Ref ID: A-0001

Date Posted: 9/18/2025

Job Description

To develop and drive the implementation of the Commercial Banking SA Strategy in line with the Business and Commercial Banking Group strategy; by acquiring a deep understanding of the Commercial client base, thereby delivering appropriate financial solutions to clients.

To Provide thought leadership and ensuring consistent integration, adoption, and application of toolbox/es across Commercial Banking SA. Accountable for segments & sectors client propositions, Strategy and Risk Appetite.

Qualifications

Post Graduate Degree in Business Commerce or Finance and Accounting

Experience

More than 10 years' experience in running a Business Segment is critical for this role (either BCB Head or CIB Head) or any segment or sector type experience either is also a consideration for this role.

Experience in credit and leadership of teams (sales and segment teams), ability to navigate stakeholders and influence is critical.

Experience in managing a portfolio of commercial or corporate banking clients, budgeting, forecasting, cost control, client financial analysis is a key requirement.

Additional Information

Behavioural Competencies:

Convincing People

Developing Strategies

Embracing Change

Empowering Individuals

Establishing Rapport

Generating Ideas

Making Decisions

Producing Output

Pursuing Goals

Showing Composure

Taking Action

Understanding People

Valuing Individuals

Technical Competencies:

Business Acumen (Audit)

Economic Capital Management

Financial Acumen

Risk Reporting

Risk Response Strategy

Risk/ Reward Thinking

Strategic Planning and Reporting

Please note: All our recruitment processes comply with the applicable local laws and regulations. We will never ask for money or any from of payment as part of our recruitment process. If you experience this, please contact our Fraud line on or

(Land Bank) is South Africa's only specialist agricultural bank established in 1912, the bank's sole objective is to serve South African commercial and emerging farmers and bring specially designed financial services within their reach. These services enable farmers to finance land, equipment, improve assets and obtain production credit. The Land Bank provides financial services that have moved with the times and continues to provide services to agri-business and constantly reviews its offerings to ensure that they match the needs of an industry. As change has swept across the sector in South Africa the socio-economic makeup of agriculture has altered, bringing new entrants from historically disadvantaged backgrounds on to the land, these new farmers, facing the challenges of establishing sustainable agri-businesses across the agricultural value chain, Land Bank has been a commercial lifeline offering appropriately designed financial products that facilitate personal and commercial viability in a sector that is vital to the sustainability of South Africa and its people.

MAIN PURPOSE OF THE JOB

Carry out quality credit assessment, present bankable solutions and manage the credit risk of a portfolio of clients in the Agri-business value chain in the designated regional Office.

To manage and perform quality credit analysis; financial analysis, including data collection, trend analysis, peer comparisons and industry overview to ensure good quality credit submissions to Credit Managers and Credit Committees for the allocated portfolio i.e. Commercial and Transformation Credit applications and mitigate any potential risk on behalf of the Land Bank and recommend bankable solutions in accordance with approved Credit Policy, norms and the delegated level of power. Responsible for maintain the portfolio including conducting annual credit reviews on existing portfolio, and re-advancing of production loans and revolving loans within assigned DOP and as when required by management.

1. Credit Assessment and Risk Management

• Carry out full credit assessments within allocated portfolio through credit submissions, financial analysis, reviews, re-advancing loans, collateral analysis, approval conditions tracking and risk management.
• Check the credit submission for completeness, including accompanying documents in terms of the approved loan guidelines.
• Ensure that all relevant information and documentation has been received from the operations as per the agreed checklist
• Follow up with the Provincial officees to ensure that all supporting documentation is complete
• Ensure that loan applications conform to the set standards, highlight anomalies and suggest corrective measures
• Align products to the purpose of the loan and the Credit Policy to suite customer's needs
• Co-ordination of PCC and RCC setting up of agenda(s) for application(s) to be heard
• Reporting stats of application(s) processed for allocated region(s)

2. Stakeholder Relationship Management and Team Support

• Build relationships with all the relevant stakeholders to ensure understanding of requirements and addressing any credit related issues
• Respond to queries received from the Provincial office operations and the relevant Credit Committee
• Promote a culture of credit risk management at Provincial office level.
• Provide guidance and training to operations on credit related matters
• Adhering to legislative requirements
• Pro-actively develop self with regards to other / new products in the Land Bank
• Manage own career and personal developments
• Demonstrate behaviour that is aligned to the Land Bank values
• May be required to represent Credit on projects as assigned by management
• Research, compliance training, maintain stakeholder relationship management and team support

3. General Administration and Audit Matters

• Ensure that documentation is archived in accordance to the Bank's policy for record and audit purposes
• Attend to audit findings as and when required within area of responsibility
• Take remedial action on all audit findings and ensure that issues are resolved or addressed
• Ensure recording of all credit committee meetings are loaded on the v-drive
• Ensure feedback is given to all the relevant stakeholders on outcome of the application
• Manage capturing of weekly and monthly stats reports
• From time to time may be requested be secretariat for ECC, which involves co-ordinating ECC meeting and taking minutes in compliance with the prescripts of the charter.
• From time to time we maybe required to assist in the various provincial office and regional. Offices.

4. Loan Policies and Procedures

• Provide input to policies and procedures and updates and identify opportunities to improve as and when required
• Provide inputs on lending norms and credit criteria to be applied on new products
• Participate in the review of Credit Policies and procedures.
• Ensure that the Provincial officees are informed of changes to policies and/or of credit policies and procedures that have been approved
• Provide guidance to the operations at Provincial office level to ensure consistency and a standardised approach
• Applying credit policies and procedures and input in improving standard and operating processes and procedures.

3 year Tertiary Qualification (Commerce) Majors Accounting; Agri Economics, Credit Management

Do you have 3years Relevant credit assessment experience?

Thorough knowledge of the

• NCA, CPA, FICA and related credit regulatory requirements
• The primary and secondary agriculture sector finance.
• Appraisal of credit proposals and deal structure for: assets finance, working capital, back ward and forward integration finance
• Advanced business acumen

• Microsoft Office
• Knowledge of risk management principles
• Knowledge / Experience of compliance systems / tools
• Compliance Management Principles
• Knowledge of Compliance related legislation
• Knowledge of Business
• Law Principles

• Travel is an integral part of the role
• Extended hours as and when required